JRW Bioremediation provides substrates and nutrients for anaerobic bioremediation. The substrates provided include highly soluble materials such as WILCLEAR® sodium and potassium lactate, SoluLac® ethyl lactate, and Wilke Whey® whey powder and slowly soluble substrates including LactOil® soy microemulsion, and ChitoRem® chitin complex.
Principles and Practices of Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Brooks City-Base, Texas, August 2004.
Loading Rates and Impacts of Substrate Delivery for Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation, ESTCP Project ER-0627, February 2010.
In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene: DNAPL Source Zones, ITRC, June 2008.
JRW Bioremediation L.L.C. provides substrates and nutrients for anaerobic bioremediation. The substrates provided include highly soluble materials such as WILCLEAR® sodium and potassium lactate, SoluLac® ethyl lactate, and Wilke Whey® whey powder and slowly soluble substrates including LactOil® soy microemulsion, and ChitoRem® chitin complex. The underlying principle of adding a carbon substrate to a system is to establish and maintain an anaerobic environment capable of promoting reductive dechlorination for a period of time sufficient to completely dechlorinate the contaminants of concern.
Since all sites are unique, site geochemistry, hydrogeology, contaminant distribution, and project goals play large roles in determining the type of substrate appropriate for the situation. In addition, each substrate has specific properties related to the ferment-able fraction, solubility, carbon release profile, longevity, and ease of application. All of these factors impact the amount and type of substrate appropriate for each situation. JRW has developed a simple process to estimate substrate loading rates that are applicable to a large percentage, but not all, of chlorinated solvent remediation projects. The process is based on adding a specific amount of ferment-able material as a fraction of the liquid within the pore space of the aquifer. Since most substrates contain some percentage of water, the water fraction of a substrate is not included in the loading calculation. This process of substrate loading is volume dependent and should not be confused with injection rates.
Approach to Substrate Loading: The ITRC Technical/Regulatory Guidance Document Remediation Technologies for Perchlorate Contamination in Water and Soil published in March 2008 references a substrate loading rate of 300 milligram per liter (mg/L) for highly soluble substrates and up to 500 mg/L for slowly soluble substrates for the remediation of perchlorate. Although it is generally recognized that perchlorate remediation requires less of an anaerobic environment than the reductive de-chlorination of chlorinated solvents, it can be considered a minimum baseline loading for most sites.
For these reasons, JRW recommends that 1,000 mg/L of the ferment-able amount of a readily soluble substrate be used as the minimum target substrate concentration for most sites. This loading is generally sufficient to promote reductive de-chlorination on sites with total chlorinated solvent contamination of less than 1 mg/L. As a general rule, for each 1 mg/L of chlorinated solvent concentration, 1,000 mg/L of ferment-able amount of a substrate is recommended.
Field data has indicated that high levels of substrate may promote fermentation pathways that lead to the production of ketones or other undesirable products. This phenomenon has been observed on sites where the loading of the ferment-able fraction of a highly soluble substrate was greater than about 5,000 mg/L. In order to reduce the likelihood that undesirable metabolism is promoted, a maximum ferment-able fraction of a readily soluble substrate loading of 4,000 mg/L of the pore space is recommended.
Due to their physical and chemical makeup, substrates dissolve at different rates. The rate at which a substrate dissolves is also important in determining if a specific substrate mass is capable of providing sufficient carbon to establish an environment that can support reductive de-chlorination for the desired duration. Although dissolution rate relationships are not necessarily linear, substrates with slower release profiles need to be added at significantly greater loading’s to provide a similar mass of dissolved carbon per unit time. For JRW’s slowly soluble substrates LactOil® soy microemulsion and ChitoRem® chitin complex, loading rates of between 2,000 mg/L and 8,000 mg/L of the ferment-able fraction of a substrate within the pore space are recommended for most sites. Again, as a general rule, for each 1 mg/L of chlorinated solvent concentration, 2,000 mg/L of ferment-able fraction of a substrate is recommended for slowly soluble substrates.
It should be noted that substrate loading’s are highly site-specific and the recommended loading’s are only general guidelines for sites with a minimal or moderate mass of competing electron acceptors, low to moderate contaminant concentrations, and relatively low to moderate velocity aquifers.
JRW is committed to the health and safety of our employees and our clients during the COVID-19 health crisis. Although our core business is considered essential, JRW has taken the step of encouraging all non-essential personnel to work remotely whenever possible. Our communications program seamlessly integrates telephone and web contact with each individual within the organization as well as our clients allowing staff to limit personal face to face contact while maintaining a high degree of personal attention. Each staff member has real-time access to project files and order databases allowing us to work remotely to maintain up to date information about your project and the status of your order. Our technical, logistics and administrative professionals also remain available to assist in your project planning and execution.
We will continue to work to maintain a commitment to superior service throughout the current health situation and hope that you, your staff, and their families remain healthy.
JRW is committed to the health and safety of our employees and our clients during the COVID-19 health crisis. Although our core business is considered essential, JRW has taken the step of encouraging all non-essential personnel to work remotely whenever possible.
Our communications program seamlessly integrates telephone and web contact with each individual within the organization as well as our clients allowing staff to limit personal face to face contact while maintaining a high degree of personal attention. Each staff member has real-time access to project files and order databases allowing us to work remotely to maintain up to date information about your project and the status of your order. Our technical, logistics and administrative professionals also remain available to assist in your project planning and execution.
We will continue to work to maintain a commitment to superior service throughout the current health situation and hope that you, your staff, and their families remain healthy.
Enhanced reductive dechlorination is based on attaining and maintaining control of an aquifer for a period of time sufficient to degrade all constituents of concern and their daughter products. Attaining and maintaining control of an aquifer is highly dependent on the hydrogeology and geochemistry of the site along with the microbial populations present. Since the hydrogeology and geochemistry is different for every site, a blanket cost can not be given for any specific site. In general, enhanced reductive dechlorination will cost less than $10 per cubic yard of media treated on most non-DNAPL sites. This compares with about $60 per cubic yard for excavation (without disposal) and about $90 per cubic yard for chemical oxidation.
Because freight is costed from a warehouse to a delivery point, freight costs are quoted separately. Unless otherwise stated, due to the volatility of the fuels market, freight costs are generally valid for 30 days. Consideration should be given to the receiving facility’s capacity to off load a truck. In situations where the product is delivered to a facility without the capacity to off-load a delivery vehicle, arrangements can be made (for an additional charge) for delivery on a vehicle with a lift gate and pallet jack.
Reinjection schedules should be based on the geochemistry of an aquifer and not on a calendar schedule. In many cases, multiple injections can be spaced further apart over time.
Since the main goal of adding a substrate to an aquifer is to attain and maintain anaerobic conditions for an extended period of time, because of the limited flows clay sites should be ideal for enhanced reductive dechlorination. In practice, clay sites with adequately spaced injection points usually show very rapid response to substrate addition.
Injection spacing should be sufficient to promote robust reductive dechlorination throughout the treatment zone for a time sufficient to attain complete reductive dechlorination. Injection spacing is dependent upon the dissolution rate of the substrate, the dosage, aquifer velocity, and competing electron acceptor and contaminant flux.
